Taking a Look at Capitalism - 581 Words

Capitalism is an economic system where goods and services are created for profit using privately owned goods and wage labor. The owners of these capital goods will employ wage labor to generate commodities with the aim of acquiring a personal profit. The owners, or the designated managers of these owners, make the majority of the business decisions and receive profit and other property revenue, including rent, interest, and dividends. Capitalism usually yields significant economic growth and inequality. Capitalisms foundational manifesto is usually accreditted to be Adam Smiths 1776 book Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, even though Smith based his work on mostly older concepts. It has in actuality been the dominant economic system in certain places of Europe since the 1600s. A naturally expansionary system from its earliest years, capitalism has infiltrated into most countries in the world. It has grown very unevenly; in some places it has been a strong instrument of growth and industrialization—as in the majority of Europe, the United States, and Japan—but has, on the other hand, left other places of the world struggling financially and underdeveloped. Wherever capitalism has been implemented thoroughly, it has been and remains to be a powerful system for both positive and negative results. Globalization, the product of the fast-rising movement of capital all over the world, offers opportunities for large and expanded profits and low-cost goodsShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Crises Of 20081701 Words   |  7 Pagessome it has been beneficial for others dire. Many people no longer have faith in the ‘capitalism that presents itself as a gospel of salvation’ (comaroff review, find) and are embracing alternatives to lassaire faire capitalism. The crises has seen the rise of anti-capitalist movements such as ( people before profit) offering an alternative vision to mainstream capitalism. In the EU the crises has forced people to look at alternative solutions, turning to/voting in both right wing populism/populist (parties)Read MoreThe Obligations Of An Eighteenth Century Merchant923 Words   |  4 Pagesinitial trade networ ks that capitalism relied upon. In taking a broad based Atlantic perspective to capitalism Haggerty demonstrated that in order to understand the phenomenon historians will have to take an ever larger view of capitalist endeavors, they will have to step beyond Atlantic perspectives into a global or even transnational look at the subject. This is exactly what Sven Beckert attempts in Empire of Cotton: A global History. Beckert take on the study of capitalism by closely examining theRead MoreA Deeper Look At The Future Of Work1116 Words   |  5 PagesTaking a deeper look at the future of work has never been so critical in today’s society. Not only does one have to assess the working conditions within their own country but rather countries around the world because ultimately, we are one intertwined and whatever happens to one country will affect us in some way. Trying to discover what the future of work has in store for us is integral because as history indicates, being ignorant of the economy and its people can lead to disastrous events. TheRead MoreCapitalism Is A Way Of Organizing An Economy875 Words   |  4 Pagesdocumentary Capitalism a Love Story examples what capitalism is and how it hurt so many citizens. Capitalism is a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transp ort products are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government. The documentary teaches viewers the impact that big corporations have on americans. At the beginning of the film Moore is showing middle class people get there houses taken from them because of capitalism. HenslinRead MoreKarl Marx and Capitalism Essay880 Words   |  4 Pages developed his critique of capitalism by analyzing its characteristics and its development throughout history. The critique contains Marx’s most developed economic analysis and philosophical insight. Although it was written in 1850s, its values still serve an important purpose in the globalized world and maintains extremely relevant in the twenty-first century. Karl Marx’s critique of political economy provides a scientific understanding of the history of capitalism. Through Marx’s critique, theRead MoreMarx s Theory Of Capitalism882 Words   |  4 Pagessome look at the United States of America as the land of free, the proverbial, land of milk and honey. Others argue that our nation is a corrupt land that is where only the affluent capitalists thrive while the rest of the country s workforce are heard through like cattle, only kept alive enough to keep them working to be the slaves of maintaining the gigantic corporations and business that they work for. This bleak look at the America’s foundation is conducted by Karl Marx, who saw capitalism asRead MorePerversions of Capitalism in Michael Moores Capitalism: A Love Story660 Words   |  3 PagesCapitalism came into being as a social and economic system when private individuals or corporations--as opposed to the state or classes of people--began to build businesses w here the goal was profit motivated for the self-interest of the owner. This is opposed to a socialist system where the business may be owned by the state and/or profiting the state. In an ideal world, it is the economic establishment of the individual right for self-accomplishment. The private individual/corporation succeedsRead Morecriminology Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagescontributors to this theory was Howard Becker who in 1963 wrote the book â€Å"Outsiders† which provided the foundations of labelling theory. Becker looked at how social groups created deviance by creating the rules that classed certain acts as deviant. Labelling looks at how a person can be labelled a deviant by society thus becoming a deviant, if a person is labelled a drug taker or prostitute then they have a chance of becoming a drug taker or prostitue. Once a person had attained a deviant label then they wereRead MoreAnalysis Of From The Frying Pan Into The Fire 1506 Words   |  7 PagesWhat d oes the middle-class family look like in the twenty-first century? Probably both men and women are working in order to make money to support families. Women’s gender roles have changed significantly within fifty years. Because of Capitalism, women now have more rights than before, and some women now make more money than men. Capitalism combines the principle efficiency and the aim for profit, which presents as the more money one person can make shows the ability this person maintain. In â€Å"FromRead MoreMarxisms Tools for Contemporary International Relations Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War between the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc, the enduring ideological conflict between communism and capitalism was seen to come to an end. The global order has since entered into a neo-liberal capitalist era, with neo-liberal ideologies characterizing the various dimensions of the global order, such as international politi cs and economics. As the world is homogenizing into neo-liberal capitalist orders, the rich substances of the Marxist

The Importance Of Cell Phone Bans In The Classroom

Cellphones are a part of everyone life for most people in the United States. That is especially true for young people. Either way, no one knows just how many schools don’t allow students from using phones in the classroom or from bringing them to school. But we do know that bans like these are common-and for good reasons. It helps both students and teachers. Why, then, are cellphone bans still controversial? All schools, cellphones should not belong in the classroom because it is the action that makes the students stay away from studying. This issue should be put to rest once and for all. Cellphones keep students from concentrating and cyberbullying-kids who use phone will increase the risk. Although, some parents argue that their kids†¦show more content†¦While they were in the class, they play with their phone and they didn’t understand the lesson that the teacher explain. So they cannot solve or answer the questions. In fact, I usually use my phone during cl ass to assist me to the find answers. But after class, I forgot them. When I had a quiz, I got the lower grade because I didn’t remember on what I found in my phone. Also, I saved some lessons in my phone; anyway I have never looked at them. â€Å"College students (average age 18) who did not use their phones, they wrote down 62 percent more information in their notes and they scored a full letter grade and a half higher on a multiple choice test than those students who were actively using their mobile phones.† by Richard Freed (1). The students should focus to listen to the teacher instead of using their phones in class. Using phones in the class causes students to get lower grades. Another reason to keep cellphones out of the class time is that they can be used to cheat. If the students are able to bring their cellphone in to the class, they will have an opportunity to cheat when they do the examination. Since they were studying, they didn’t focus on studying, so they might not understand the lessons and they only saved them in the phone instead of remembering it. â€Å"While critics will cite the opportunity for cheating, unauthorized socializing and social isolation issues involved† by Room 241 team (3). If schoolsShow MoreRelatedCell Phones And Their Possession At School Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesCell phones in schools Researchers show in today’s society that there is a higher rate of students having cell phones at school than in prior years. There are many pros and cons to children having cell phones in their possession at school. According to Maya Cohen, a 2010 Pew Research Center found that 65 percent of cell owning teens bring their phones to school despite any bans that may be in place. It is up to the child to know the rules and regulations when carrying a phone at school, and it isRead MoreThe Misuse Of Cell Phones In School?1312 Words   |  6 PagesCell Phones In School Do cell phones belong in school? Many think they can be a learning revolution while others think it is a learning deficit. In November 2017, the students of Deer Path Middle School were in the middle of LA class when suddenly a student’s phone blared disrupting the whole class. He was trying to play a mobile game in class. Many could not overcome the shock but the teacher took swift action and punished the student according to his crime. Misuse of Phones Phones. They are somethingRead MoreThe Detriments Of Cellular Phone Use960 Words   |  4 Pagesdetriments of cellular phone use In today’s society, people rely heavily on the use of cellular phones. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages of a cellular phone. Some advantages of cellular phones use are cellular phone use is a great form of communication. A cellular phone is a way to track and keep in touch with others. Being able to keep in touch can be very beneficial. I am a student living away from home and for my mother, and for me, having a cellular phone allows my mother talkRead MoreSocial Media And Electronic Gadgets1231 Words   |  5 PagesBan Social Media and Electronic Gadgets In the last decade, social media has tremendously revolutionized the way people socialize and communicate on the web. According to McCombs (2012), social media is a platform that allows people to stay connected through internet. In essence, social media has had a considerable impact on businesses, politics, family relations, and our culture. People are using social media to communicate with family members or their acquaintances to catch up on the latest issuesRead MoreCyberbullying And Its Effects On The Education System2037 Words   |  9 Pagescyberbullying. Cyberbullying can be defined as the â€Å"willful and repeated harm inflicted [on another] through the use of computers, cell phones, or other electronic devices† (Rice 66). Some may fault parents who allow their children to have the access to such technology. However, they are not completely at fault here. Given the ways schools interact with their students and the importance of schools role in shaping responsible cit izens, schools are well situated to fight cyberbullying (Lane 1803). RegardlessRead MorePollution Essay811 Words   |  4 Pagesvery convenient products that we use in our every day life and for most people it would be difficult to imagine a plastic free world. It is everywhere: used for water bottling purposes, food covering, parts that make up our daily items such as cell phones, clothes, and hospital equipments. With so many convenient methods for the use of plastics, many of us fail to recognize the dangers of plastic pollution which starts with industrial pollution, continues with its distribution and consumer pollutionRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1738 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically in the evenings and in the middle of the night, is affecting their sleep and the lack of sleep is resulting in anxiety and depression. Teens are admitting to feeling a great amount of pressure and apprehension when they do not have their phones or cannot use them and they are feelin g guilty when they are not on social media to see their alerts or text messages right away. Social media is also leading to depression by their online profiling increasing or decreasing their self-esteem. MoreRead MoreEthics in Academics2371 Words   |  10 Pagescommonly employed (Olsen, 2008). Many of these policies are stated in broad terms. The University of Phoenix: Student Code of Academic Integrity (2008) is typical with its regulations. The policy begins with a mission statement and relates the importance of honesty to the statements realization (University of Phoenix, 2008). Some schools do specifically mention the misuse of technology in their code of conduct, but in similarly general verbiage. For example, the Syracuse University Code of ConductRead MoreHow Technology Has Led The Media1640 Words   |  7 Pagesimage of the drowned kid helps to display people’s sensitivity, because the issue has been occurring for many years with no action being taken. The images helps people understand that photographs are necessary for better academic understanding, and the ban of their use may harm students’ awareness. Pictures are a valuable resource for students, because it helps to keep vivid records of events; however, not all images record events or describe the real issue accurately. That is why videotapes are necessaryRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Serious Cause For Concern1557 Words   |  7 PagesCyberbul lying is â€Å"when the Internet, cell phones, or other devices are used to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person† (NCPC, 2016). With millions of young people, particularly teenagers, frequenting the Internet to do class work and socialize, cyberbullying, or online bullying, has become a serious cause for concern. First, with the advent of technology being integrated into public schools, some young people are creating online identities and anonymously posting

Affordable Care Act free essay sample

Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, was signed in to law by President Obama on 23rd March, 2010 and the Health Insurance Exchange Marketplace just opened on 1st October, 2013. Some people disagree with this new law by saying that Obamacara would increase taxes and Obama is socialist. Is Obamacare really bad for American people? I think that Obamacare has more advantages than disadvantages for several reasons. First of all, the universal health care system can safeguard the lives of citizens and make the country better place to live. In Japan, since 1961, the government has provided the universal health care system, which allows virtually all access to preventive, curative and rehabilitative services at an affordable cost. Patients have responsibility for 30 % of their medical costs while the government pays the remaining 70%. Many Japanese people usually do not worry too much about how much they have to pay their medical costs. Even some people may not appreciate the system because having health insurance is considered normal in my country. We will write a custom essay sample on Affordable Care Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact, I had taken it for granted until I entered my university to study pharmacy. As a Japanese and pharmacist, it is hard to believe that tens of thousands of people in the US are dying each year because they do not have health insurance. Obamacare can provide coverage to virtually all of them. Do the Republicans want to stop it and let them die? I think that American people need this law for better life. In addition, I think Obamacare will help to curb the growth in healthcare spending and create a virtuous cycle in the long run. Although Japanese people spend about half (8% of GDP) as much on health care as do American people, we still live healthier and longer than Americans. Of course, our health and longevity would be explained by several different factors such as dietary habit, but I think that one of the main reasons is the fact that Japanese people see doctors three times as often as American people because we can do regular and preventive medical checkup with affordable price. Obamacare focuses on prevention and primary care to help people stay healthy and manage chronic medical conditions before they become more complex and costly to treat. Taking a long term view, this will provide significant benefits for the US itself. For example, the more people can work longer with good health, the stronger the US economic power becomes. In other words, the US government can not only slow the growth of medical spending, but also increase the tax revenue in the end. For above reasons, I believe that Obamacare has many benefits and can create positive growth cycle for the US future.

Themes Of Italian Renaissance Art Essays - Italian Renaissance

Themes of Italian Renaissance Art As the fourteenth century ushered out the Middle Ages in Italy, a new period of cultural flowering began, known as the Renaissance. This period in history was famous for its revival of classical themes and the merging of these themes with the Catholic Church. These themes of humanism, naturalism, individualism, classicism, and learning and reason appeared in every aspect of the Italian Renaissance, most particularly in its art. Humanism can be defined as the idea that human beings are the primary measure of all things (Fleming, 29). Renaissance art showed a renewed interest in man who was depicted in Renaissance art as the center of the world. Pico della Mirandola said that, "there is nothing to be seen more wonderful than man." (Fleming, 284) This could almost be taken as a motto for Renaissance art. Michelangelo's David clearly supports Mirandola's statement. Since Renaissance art focused on representing tangible, human figures, rather than depicting scenes from the Bible in order to praise God, the artists had to think in more natural, scientific terms. Artists became familiar with mathematics and the concept of space, as well as anatomy. Lorenzo Ghiberti studied the anatomical proportions of the body, Filippo Brunelleschi was interested in mathematics in architecture, Leone Battista Alberti, who was skilled in painting, sculpture and architecture, stressed the study of mathematics as the underlying principle of the arts (Fleming, 285). Leonardo also looked at the geometric proportions of the human body (Calder, 197). In painting, but especially in sculpture, artists were inspired to express the structural forms of the body beneath its external appearance. Their anatomical studies opened the way to the modeling and the movements of the human body. In painting, naturalism meant a more realistic representation of everyday objects. In Fra Angelico's Annunciation, he shows an exact reproduction of Tuscan botany (Wallace, 237). Also, the concept of space was important. In painting, figures were placed in a more normal relationship to the space they occupied. Human figures tended to become more personal and individual. Three clear examples of that are Donatello's David, and Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Last Supper, in which the twelve different expressions of the apostles were shown. Every statue, every portrait was an individual person who made a profound impression. Mary and the angel Gabriel became very human in Fra Angelico's Madonna (Wallace, 45). Even when placed in a group, every individual figure stood out separately, as in Boticelli's Adoration of the Magi. One form of art representing the individual was the portrait. Wealthy families and individuals commissioned artists to create statues and paintings. High regard for individual personality is demonstrated in the number and quality of portraits painted at this time (Flemming, 286). Italian Renaissance humanism were motivated by a rediscovery of the values of Greco-Roman civilization. An example of architectural revival is Bramante's Tempietto, a small temple built where St. Peter is said to have been crucified. Bramante later got a chance to build on a much greater scale: St. Peter's Basilica. Clearly using classical civilizations as his model Bramante said of St. Peter's, "I shall place the Pantheon on top of the Basilica of Constantine." (Flemming, 309-310) Other architects went back to the central-type churches modeled on the Pantheon, rather than the rectangular basilica that had evolved over the centuries. They revived classical orders and "blueprints." Decorative motifs were derived directly form ancient sacophagi, reliefs, and carved gems. Sculptors revisited the possibilities of the nude. Painters, however, didn't have the classical references that sculptors had, so they used mythological subjects. With all of the studying and learning of art in the Renaissance, it would be of little wonder that the subject of some of the art was learning itself. The most famous example of this is Raphael's School of Athens. Raphael, along with Michelangelo, was placed in the painting among the ranks of artist-scholars. As members of a philosophical circle intent on reconciling the views of Plato and Aristotle, Raphael and his friends reasoned that Plato and Aristotle were saying the same thing in different words. The two philosophers were placed on either side of the central. On Plato's side, there was a statue of Apollo, the god of poetry. On

View on Cyberspace essays

View on Cyberspace essays George worked in the Hong Kong office of a large U.S. company. On the 8th of May, at about two o?clock, he received an email that came with an attachment labeledLove-Letter-For-You. The mail seemed innocuous enough that George opened it immediately without thinking. The subject line read,I love you?. George thought,Oh, how nice! I got a love letter.? When he clicked theopen? button, his computer crushed. The attached file on theI-love-you? mail was later verified to carry a highly destructive virus that could infect the world's computers. People named the virus thelove bug?. The night of May 8th, the mail spread overnight around the world and causing billions of dollars in damage. This trouble happened all on the Internet. How exactly does that happen? What kind of power does the Internet have that can destroy the entire world's computer systems? The Internet is a matrix of networks that connects computers around the world. It enables computer networks to make on-line communications. People do research, send and receive e-mails, chat and exchange ideas with others on the Internet. According to Time magazine, as of 1998, the Internet had more than 100 million users worldwide, and that number is growing rapidly. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. However, the easy access to Internet has also caused us troubles. For example, the love-bug incident brought us global damages. The Internet has certainly made our lives easier than before, and we, the people who live in the Internet Age, need to realize the pros and cons of the Internet-usage regarding the access to various websites and the online communications. So we can wisely have fun on the Internet an d at the same time also be more alert to avoid the Internet-trouble. The most satisfactory part about the Internet is the easy access to unlimited information on websites. The role of Internet is similar t ...

What Is the Distributive Property

What Is the Distributive Property SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What is the distributive property? Did you go over the distributive property definition in school but still aren’t sure what it is or why it’s important? The distributive property is a key mathematical property you’ll need to know to solve many algebra problems. In this guide, we explain exactly what the distributive property is, why it’s important, when you should use it, what other math rules you need to know for it, and we also work through several examples so you can see the distributive property in action. What Is the Distributive Property? The distributive property, sometimes known as the distributive property of multiplication, tells us how to solve certain algebraic expressions that include both multiplication and addition. The literal definition of the distributive property is that multiplying a number by a sum is the same as doing each multiplication separately. In equation form, the distributive property looks like this: $a(b+c) = ab + ac$ (Remember, in math, when two numbers/factors are right next to each other, that means to multiply them.) Like many math definitions, the distributive property is easier to understand when you look at a few examples. Here’s a simple one: $$5 (2 +7)$$ Normally, if you had a problem like this, you’d add 2 and 7 together to get 9, then you’d multiply 5times 9 to get 45. This is the simplest way to solve the equation, and it also follows the order of operations, which tells you to simplify whatever is in the parentheses first before moving onto other operations like multiplication. Solving that equation using the distributive property would look like this: $$5 (2+7)$$ The distributive property means doing multiplication before the addition within the parentheses, so we’d distribute the 5 to both values within the parentheses: $$5(2) + 5(7)$$ Work out the multiplication: $$10 + 35$$ Then add the two numbers together: $$10+35=45$$ We get the same answer as we did solving the problem with the first method, which shows that the distributive property works. Now, why would you want to use the distributive property when it took longer than the first method? The distributive property comes in handy when you have terms within the parentheses that can’t be added together, such as this equation: ${3/4}(a + 2b)$. Because there are variables involved, there’s no easy way to simplify $a + 2b$. In these more complicated equations, the distributive property can help us get the equation into a form that makes it easier to simplify or solve. We’ll see examples of how to do this later on in this guide. 3 Key Rules Related to the Distributive Property When you’re using the distributive property, you’ll often have to use or be aware of other mathematical rules and properties in order to solve or simplify the equations. Here are three of the most important ones to know. Commutative Laws The commutative laws state that you can swap numbers when adding or multiplying and still get the same answer. So $x + y = y + x$ and $x(y) = y(x)$ These are likely intuitive for you by now, but they’re an important part of the distributive property, which wouldn’t work without them. You can use them when you need help simplifying certain equations in order to get them into a more workable form. Order of Operations When you have a complicated equation that looks like it can be simplified in multiple ways, the order of operations gives you the correct way to work through those operations. The acronym PEMDAS makes it easy to remember which operations to work on first. From first to last, here’s the order you should work out operations: Parentheses Exponents Multiplication and Division (do these at the same time, working left to right) Addition and Subtraction (do these at the same time, working left to right) The order of operations is important to know because you’ll often have to remember it when simplifying equations that include a lot of different operations. It can also help you determine whether to use the distributive property or not. Order of operations states the first step you should take when simplifying an equation is to work out whatever is in a parentheses set, but if what’s in the parentheses can’t be simplified, that’s a sign to use the distributive property. Quadratic Formula The quadratic formula states that, for $ax^2+ bx + c = 0$, the values of $x$ which are the solutions to the equation are given by: $$x={-b ±Ã¢Ë†Å¡{b^2-4ac}}/{2a}$$ When using the distributive property, you may be able to simplify some equations into the $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$ form so that you can use the quadratic equation to solve for $\bi x$. Distributive Property of Multiplication Example Problems In this section we go over three examples of simplifying problems using the distributive property. You’ll notice each of them contain variables in the parentheses, which is a key sign that the distributive property is needed. Example 1 $$\bo4\bi x(\bo5\bi x + \bo6) = -\bo7$$ First, we’re going to distribute $4x$ to both $5x$ and 6. $$4x(5x) + 4x(6) = -7$$ Now, multiply those out: $$20x^2+ 24x = 7$$ Add 7 to both sides: $$20x^2+ 24x +7 = 0$$ This equation is now in the proper formula to solve for $x$ using the quadratic formula (x would equal $-0.7$ and $-0.5$), or you might be able to keep the equation in that form if you were just being asked to simplify it. Example 2 $$\bo3\bi x(\bi x-\bo4) + \bo5(\bo4\bi x + \bo6)$$ For this equation, there are two sets of parentheses, so we need to use the distributive property twice. Distribute the 3x to its set of parentheses and the 5x to its set of parentheses: $$3x(x) + 3x(-4) + 5(4x) + 5(6)$$ Multiply it out: $$3x^2- 12x + 20x^2+ 30$$ Add the two $x^2$ terms together to simplify $$23x^2- 12x + 30$$ Example 3 $$-\bo7(\bi x + \bo4) + \bo8(\bo2 - \bo4\bi x)$$ This example is a bit trickier because the 7 has a negative sign in front of it. When the value just outside the parentheses is negative, the negative sign must be distributed to each term within the parentheses. Distribute the -7 to its set of parentheses and the 8 to its set of parentheses: $$(-7)(x) + (-7)(4) + (8)(2) + (8)(-4x)$$ Multiply those out: $$-7x -28 + 16 - 32x$$ Now simplify: $$-39x - 12$$ Summary: What Is the Distributive Property Definition? What is distributive property? The distributive property of multiplication states that $a(b+c) = ab + ac$. It’s often used for equations when the terms within the parentheses can’t be simplified because they contain one or more variables.Using the distributive property, you can simplify or solve equations that would otherwise be difficult to work with. When using the distributive property, remember to distribute negative signs if they’re in front of the parentheses, and keep in mind other important math rules, such as the quadratic formula, order of operations, and commutative properties. What's Next? Are you learning about logarithms and natural logs in math class? We have a guide on all the natural log rules you need to know. What is dynamic equilibrium and what does it have to do with rusty cars? Find out by reading ourcomplete guide to dynamic equilibrium. Rational numbers are another important math concept you should understand.Read our guide on rational numbers for everything you need to know about them!

Discussion Questions for Strategic Management Assignment

Discussion Questions for Strategic Management - Assignment Example Terms used to refer to this process or part of includes appraise, analyze, assess critique, examine grade, inspect judge rate rank review study test etc† (Russ-Eft & Preskill, 2009). Evaluation provides a framework for improving works as well as measures to attain the organizational goals as follows: Evaluation provides valuable information to the organization on how to use long term strategic planning and improvements in overall functioning. It helps the areas which need to be improved, strengthened and modified. When the organization adapts to a new environment, there arises a need to change their technologies for which organizational evaluation comes to the rescue. Feedback from evaluations can be a valuable experienced input for future planning. Evaluation helps to keep key information in the right track. Organizational evaluation can be detrimental in some situations if it is not carried out carefully. Evaluation may lead to change or uncomfortable situations inside the or ganization. The outcome might be negative if there is no skilled evaluating team. Inefficiency may lead to increase in cost and time which in turn may affect the overall functioning of the organizations. ... 81). The SWOT analysis (Strength Weakness Opportunity and Threats) is a common tool which facilitates the strategic review of a particular organization. The factors strength and weak ness are considered as internal factors while the latter two are external factors. Strengths can be treated as competitive advantages or positive traits. SWOT analysis is a careful evaluation of an organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses as well as environmental opportunities and threats† (Griffin, 2008,  p. 203). The strengths and weaknesses of an organization can be assessed by asking themselves the following questions like What are the strengths of the company? In what areas is the company weak? What does the company do well? What does the company not do well? What resources can the company call upon? How does this compare to their needs? An example of a SWOT analysis of a small firm can be seen as its strengths being extremely qualified staff, an outstanding record of strength and strong financial conditions with little debt. Weakness can be seen to be poor location, public awareness, and inadequate physical facilities. Opportunity is strong economy, large population in that area and closure of few other organizations. Threats are unpopular publicity, new requirements of local governments, opening of new companies in that street and so on. That is the first idea of matching the internal and external parameters in general was transformed in more precise method of SWOT analysis in the 1960’s (Pahl & Richter, 2007, p. 2). Value, rarity, imitability and organizational analysis of resources and capabilities are the four important aspects and have a number of ramifications for the competitive

Katherine Anne Porter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Katherine Anne Porter - Research Paper Example She spent almost a century long life during which she bestowed several outstanding literary pieces to the American literature. She was awarded with several prizes in her life and even after her death people remember and appraise her through different nominations and awards. She was awarded with the Pulitzer Prize in 1966 for her work The Collected Stories published in 1965. The same collection won him the National Book Award in 1966. In 2967 she was awarded with the Gold Medal Award for Fiction by the American Academy of Arts and Letters. She was also nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature for three times. On May15, 2006 she was featured on the United States postage stamp after which she became the 22nd personality to be features in the Literary Arts stamp series (Bloom, p3). Anne Porter was born on May 15, 1980 in Indian Creek Texas. She was named as Callie Russell Porter. Her mother was dead when she was just two years old. She lived with her grandmother Catherine Ann for some years and after her death she moved with her family to different relatives and rental rooms in Texas and Louisiana (Porter and Givner, p2). The personality of grandmother had very strong impact upon the life of Porter and she always reflect love and affection for her grandmother. She changed her name to adopt the name of her grandmother and renamed her as Katherine Anne Porter (Benedict West, p12). Her childhood was spent moving from one place to another with the family and her education was also affected from this movement. She enrolled in different free schools wherever the family moves. In 1904 she attended the Thomas School for one year in Texas that was her only formal education beyond the grammar school. In 1906, she was sixteen when she left her home to marry son of a wealthy ranching family John Henry Koontz however, the marriage turned out painful experience for her because Koontz physically abused her and once drunk he also threw her down the stairs (Porter and Givner, p2 ). Her ankle was broke in this incident and nine years after the marriage they were officially divorced in 1915. She married again for some times but none of her marriages lasted for long time. She never had children but she went through the painful experiences of abortion, miscarriage and stillbirth (Stout, p32). In 1915, she moved to Chicago where she worked as extra in movies and then starter her career as singer and actress. In 1915, she was also diagnosed with tuberculosis due to which she had to spend two years in sanatoria. This was a turning point in her life because she decided to become a writer and began writing in 1917. She started writing for Fort Worth Critic in which she review and criticize dramas and write social gossips. In 1918, she started writing for Rocky Mountain News. The same year she deadly suffered with flu during which she remained in hospital for month. When she was discharged she was completely bald and frail. Her hair grew back in white color and remai ned white for the rest of her life. The time she spent in the hospital provided her with several deep observations and experienced that she later shared in her long story Pale Horse, Pale Rider. She started ghost writing in 1919 when she moved to New York City and initiated writing children stories and publicity work for a motion picture company. At this time she also developed

Supportive Learning Environment Essay Example for Free

Supportive Learning Environment Essay Explain how to establish and maintain a safe and supportive learning environment 7.3.1. Explain how to establish ground rules with learner’s to promote respect for each other. 9.3.2. Explain how to promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others. 7.3.2. When considering teaching in Further education, I assumed that managing behaviour and having to establish ‘ground rules’ had been left at the school gates, amidst an onslaught of eggs, signed uniforms and flour. Of course, having had a little experience, I now feel that students in F. E are the most diverse group to teach anywhere in education and with that, equally diverse in terms of behaviour and motivation. In order to establish and instigate ground rules in the first instance, basic rules should be agreed upon from the very start. For example; Mobile phones on silent, no talking while others are speaking and no eating during the lesson. Other rules can be applied as the course progresses. The establishment’s policies and procedures should be observed as a group, as this ensures everybody is aware of them. Observing behaviour, listening to what the students have to say and talking to them in an open forum leads the way to further establishing an agreeable environment in which to learn. Rules can be updated in this way and enable change to be considered depending on how the class develops. In order to remind learners of these mutually agreed guidelines, it is a good idea to display them in the room to refer students to if and when they are breached. Creating a ‘safe’ environment is integral to learning. Disruption, noise, lack of direction, bullying and aggressive styles are not conducive, so it is important in my role to develop good practise in dealing with challenging behaviour and promoting a positive, respectful atmosphere. Once more is known about the students, writing learning objectives for the session and stating what the students will be able to do at the end of the lesson could go somewhere towards promoting expectations and creating order within the room, another point at which to refer to if needed to keep learners on task. A supportive learning environment should be purposeful and task orientated, where the tutor emphasises the need to progress steadily. This can be done by starting lessons promptly, creating a smooth flow to the lesson, involving pupils and monitoring their progression and organisation. A positive effort should be made to ensure pupils have or build on self-respect and esteem by setti ng realistic opportunities for success and helpful support and encouragement whenever difficulties arise. A sense of order within the class can be managed by presenting lessons effectively and establishing positive relationships with pupils- based on mutual respect and rapport. I will, as a tutor, have to develop skills in managing behaviour and use a variety of tactics in order to develop an understanding of students individually and as a group. Hopefully, I will be able to combine that with the correct approach to planning, my approach, the resources to use in order to deal with barriers learners may have adopted towards learning and to maintain a good level of motivation. I believe in creating a relaxed, warm and supportive atmosphere in a group, as in my experience I have found that it creates a positive environment and suits my style when interacting with and enabling others. (Kyriacou, C.1998:65) writes- with regard to this particular style- ‘This better enables pupils to develop curiosity and interest in the learning activities’ However, this may lead to pupils relyin g on help, so it is important to establish and implement boundaries so that the learners initiative and motivation isn’t compromised. Giving feedback in a supportive way can help to encourage students to use study skills by highlighting how making notes or paying attention more closely can better equip them in meeting the demands of the program. Of course, I am aware that not everybody will want to interact fully within the group in this way and some would rather things were direct and less ‘fluffy’. I myself like to find a quiet place during a break and spend time alone. Sometimes I want to stay where I am seated and not move around to sit with other people. In general, promoting this environment and leading by example will in effect have a positive impact on the group. In my previous journal from week one, I wrote about how I try to include pupils who have low confidence in group discussions or activities with other more confident members of the class. In the same way, I also like to try and mix motivated pupils with those who may be struggling to find motivation. In an attempt to understand motivati on and what motivates I have considered Abraham Maslow’s (1987) Hierarchy of Needs in which he describes a series of stages towards achieving ones potential or ‘self-actualisation’. The stages are set as a pyramid with the most basic human need at the base and self-actualisation at the top. The base describes physiology which incorporates basic needs such as food and sleep begging the question, ‘Are the students tired or hungry?’ Safety describes the need for security. I must ask myself, ‘Is the environment safe? Are the students feeling secure and happy? Are they confident in my ability?’ Love and belonging, referring to a need we have as humans to be valued and needed. Looking at this I will need to ensure that all of the students feel included and that they are being respected by the rest of the group. I must ensure that I am using an inclusive approach in teaching. Esteem ‘building this through achievement and by being acknowledged by others’. It will be important to monitor development and ensure growth in confidence through peer support and recognition. Finally, Self-actualisation- the desire to reach what is perceived to be ones ‘full potential’ asking ‘Is there an individual and shared sense of achievement?’ and ‘Are the students operating with initiative, creativeness and independence?’ As a tutor, I will be expected to lead by example in modelling desired behaviour. Not only is it important to treat students with respect, it is important to treat other members of staff and outside agencies in the same way. I have experienced negativity from one staff member towards another member of staff where it was obvious-through body language and facial expressions- that there was a conflict. This impacted negatively on the class, as the students noticed what was going on. As a result, the students ostracised one staff member and took sides. This caused a very difficult atmosphere to work in and the ‘disliked’ member of staff was ignored and treated unfairly. This highlighted the importance of professionalism to me and whenever I have to work alongside people I may not always see eye-to-eye with, I must remain impartial in my views and ensure I keep thoughts and facial gestures very much to myself. References: Kyriacou, Chris (1998) Essential Teaching Skills. Second edition.London. Basil Blackwell LTD

Identity Negotiation and Perception of Hair Essay -- African American

A woman’s hair is often referred to as her â€Å"crown and glory.† Hair is a salient physical characteristic of one’s self concept and how others view their level of attractiveness. One of the major intra-prejudice amongst African Americans is hair texture. This stigma is especially prevalent among African American women. For African American women, hair carries an even greater psychological complexity. Starting from slavery, African Americans were judged by the texture and curl pattern of their hair. For example, Blacks with lighter skin color and straight/wavy hair had certain advantages oppose to those Blacks who possessed more afro-centric features, such as darker skin and kinky hair (Myrdal, 1962; Neal & Wilson, 1989; Parrish 1944; Poussaint, 1975; Reuter, 1917). While a plethora of commentaries have been written on black hair, few empirical studies exist that have examined the reverberating consequences of slavery, as it relates to the western indoctr ination of hair and its impact on racial identity/self-concept among African American women. History of the Complexity of Hair among Black Women The origin of the controversy surrounding African American hair dates back to slavery. It was a major phenotypic characteristic used to classify African Americans’ racial identity, intelligence and attractiveness (Guthrie, 1998). European culture was used as the reference group of comparison. Whiteness became identified with all that is civilized, virtuous and beautiful, whereas Blackness was deemed as inferior, rebellious, and inadequate. Guthrie (1998) reported that the hair of the black man was wool, not hair. Subsequently, this racist ideology was internalized by many African Americans, which resulted in what Jones and Shorter-G... ...al, political and economic strides African Americans have made in society, are African American women still psychologically enslaved to their hair? The purpose of this study is to examine current perceptions of hair and its importance to racial identity and self concept among African American female college students. More specifically, this investigation addresses the following research question: Are perceptions of African American hair related to perceived attractiveness, self-concept, racial identity, and overall happiness? It is hypothesized that: 1) African American women are more likely to perceive mainstream hair texture, such as straight, permed hair, as more attractive than natural/ kinky hair; 2) An interactive effect is expected between skin-tone and hair texture on the dependent variables attractiveness, racial identity, self concept, and happiness.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay

11. a. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Before-tax cash flow $(500,000) $52,500 $47,500 $35,500 $530,500 Tax cost (7,875) (7,125) (5,325) (4,575) After-tax cash flow 44,625 40,375 30,175 525,925 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 Present value $(500,000) $41,724 $35,247 $24,623 $401,281 NPV $2,875 Investor W should make the investment because NPV is positive. b. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Before-tax cash flow $(500,000) $52,500 $47,500 $35,500 $530,500 Tax cost (10,500) (9,500) (7,100) (6,100) After-tax cash flow 42,000 38,000 28,400 524,400 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 Present value $(500,000) $39,270 $33,174 $23,174 $400,117 NPV $(4,265) Investor W should not make the investment because NPV is negative. c. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Before-tax cash flow $(500,000) $52,500 $47,500 $35,500 $530,500 Tax cost (5,250) (4,750) (8,875) (7,625) After-tax cash flow 47,250 42,750 26,625 522,875 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 Present value $(500,000) $44,179 $37,321 $21,726 $398,954 NPV $2,180 Investor W should make the investment because NPV is positive. 16. a. Opportunity 1: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income (loss) $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Marginal tax rate .40 .40 .40 Tax $(3,200) $2,000 $8,000 Before-tax cash flow $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Tax (cost) or savings 3,200(2,000) (8,000) Net cash flow $(4,800) $3,000 $12,000 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $(4,800) $2,679 $9,564 NPV $7,443 Opportunity 2: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Marginal tax rate .40 .40 .40 Tax $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 Before-tax cash flow $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Tax (cost) or savings (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) Net cash flow $3,000 $3,000 $3,000 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $3,050 $2,679 $2,391 NPV $8,120 Firm E should choose opportunity 2. b. Opportunity 1: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income (loss) $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Marginal tax rate .15 .15 .15 Tax $(1,200) $750 $3,000 Before-tax cash flow $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Tax (cost) or savings 1,200 (750) (3,000) Net cash flow $(6,800) $4,250 $17,000 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $(6,800) $3,795 $13,549 NPV $10,544 Opportunity 2: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Marginal tax rate .15 .15 .15 Tax $750 $750 $750 Before-tax cash flow $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Tax (cost) or savings (750) (750) (750) Net cash flow $4,250 $4,250 $4,250 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $4,250 $3,795 $3,387 NPV $11,432 Firm E should choose opportunity 2. c. Opportunity 1: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income (loss) $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Marginal tax rate .40 .15 .15 Tax $(3,200) $750 $3,000 Before-tax cash flow $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Tax (cost) or savings 3,200 (750) (3,000) Net cash flow $(4,800) $4,250 $17,000 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $(4,800) $3,795 $13,549 NPV $12,544 Opportunity 2: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Marginal tax rate .40 .15 .15 Tax $2,000 $750 $750 Before-tax cash flow $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Tax (cost) or savings (2,000) (750) (750) Net cash flow $3,000 $4,250 $4,250 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $3,000 $3,795 $3,387 NPV $10,182 Firm E should choose opportunity 1. 1. a. (1) Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Before-tax salary/income $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 Marginal tax rate .25 .40 .40 Tax on income $20,000 $32,000 $32,000 After-tax cash flow $60,000 $48,000 $48,000 Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $60,000 $44,448 $41,136 NPV of salary received by Mrs. X $145,584 (2) Before-tax payment /deduction $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 Marginal tax rate .34 .34 .34 Tax savings from deduction $27,200 $27,200 $27,200 After-tax cost $(52,800) $(52,800) $(52,800) Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $(52,800) $(48,893) $(45,250) NPV of salary cost to Firm B $(146,943) b. (1) Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Before-tax salary/income $140,000 $50,000 $50,000 Marginal tax rate .25 .40 .40 Tax on income $35,000 $20,000 $20,000 After-tax cash flow $105,000 $30,000 $30,000 Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $105,000 $27,780 $25,710 NPV of salary received by Mrs. X $158,490 (2) Before-tax payment /deduction $140,000 $50,000 $50,000 Marginal tax rate .34 .34 .34 Tax savings from deduction $47,600 $17,000 $17,000 After-tax cost $(92,400) $(33,000) $(33,000) Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $(92,400) $(30,558) $(28,281) NPV of salary cost to Firm B $(151,239) c. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Before-tax payment /deduction $140,000 $45,000 $45,000 Marginal tax rate .34 .34 .34 Tax savings from deduction $47,600 $15,300 $15,300 After-tax cost $(92,400) $(29,700) $(29,700) Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $(92,400) $(27,502) $(25,423) NPV of salary cost to Firm B $(145,325) This proposal is superior (has less cost) to Firm B than its original offer. d. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Before-tax salary/income $140,000 $45,000 $45,000 Marginal tax rate .25 .40 .40 Tax on income $35,000 $18,000 $18,000 After-tax cash flow $105,000 $27,000 $27,000 Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $105,000 $25,002 $23,139 NPV of salary received by Mrs. X $153,141 Mrs. X should accept this counterproposal because it has a greater NPV than Firm B’s original offer.

About Employment

Although the attraction for foreign employment is increasing everyday, employment is not safe, secured and managed well. Skilled and trained manpower appropriate to the nature and requirement of foreign demand are not available. So, people are going to foreign countries as unskilled or semi-skilled work force. Because of this, foreign countries are getting on one hand cheap labor and on the other Nepalese working abroad are not getting rights and honorable jobs. This has compelled Nepalese people to sell their labour at a throw away price whereas they have to invest a lot of money. Foreign Employment Act 2064 has clearly made a legal provision for sending Nepalese for foreign employment. But, this act is not correctly implemented. Various foreign employment services are in operation without government permission. Brokers are taking advantage of the simple and innocent people and cheating them badly. It is a pity that even those who have gone through resistered agencies and also having required skill, training and knowledge are not getting good jobs and salary. Not only this, there are many instances when such labour forces have returned prematurely not having required qualifications, ability, skills and knowledge suitable for these jobs offered. This is indeed a big and serious challenge. There is a need of legal, technical and professional training for these people so that they can meet the challenges and can take benefit of the advantages of the opportunities available in the market. Technically trained, skilled and competent people can compete with others and secure right jobs, which fetch them good salary. There is also need of providing them accidental and life insurance to make their life more secured. The demand for Nepalese workers is increasing greatly. The Three Year Interim Plan has provision to have labour contract with those countries where there are a large number of Nepalese working. This indicates that the opportunities for employment are increasing day by day. According to the government reports, more than one billion rupees remittances are earned every year from foreign employment. This has largely contributed to national economy. Many factories and industries are established from such money which helps in generating local employment and revenues. However, continuous fleeing of trained and skilled human power would adversely affect in their own economic development. They should gradually bring down the number of out going labour force. The country’s development is own development. It is a fact that one gets due respect only when his own country is developed. Those Nepalese working in other countries as Bahadur and Kanchhas are giving their sweat and blood for the development of other countries. Whereas it is sad to say that Nepal remains always poor, underdeveloped and backward. For this, they (Nepalese) have to get appropriate training, knowledge, skills and contribute to their own economic development. We should love our own country and foster patriotic feeling among us. On this lies our over all welfare and well being

math essays

math essays 1. How is math used in your every day job duties? Math is used frequently, If I had to estimate I would say all day. 2. What math classes do you recommend for someone interested in your position? Well when you finish your high schools math classes I suggest you take as many math classes as you can, try to take 1 every semester. 3. What type of degree is necessary for your type of work? 4. How has technology changed the type of math that you used in your job? Well now most of the computers do all the work but keep in mind you still have to know what your doing. 6. Has math help you a lot in your type of work? Yes math has help me tremendously in my line of work. 1. How is math used in your every day job duties? 2. What math classes do you recommend for someone interested in your position? 3. What type of degree is necessary for your type of work? You have to be great with geometry. 4. How has technology changed the type of math that you used in your job? It has made it easier with many kinds of machines that we didn't used to have. 6. Has math help you a lot in your type of work? Indeed it has it has help me allot. 1. How is math used in your every day job duties? 2. What math classes do you recommend for someone interested in your position? Make sure you are good at geometry and pass all your math classes. 3. What type of degree is necessary for your type of work? 4. How has technology changed the type of math that you used in your job? Many great equipment has come in wich helps us a lot and makes working faster. ...

Sharknado Will Teach You All About Blogging

Sharknado Will Teach You All About Blogging Sharknado. It spawned 5,032 tweets per minute at its peak (about 84 tweets each second)for a movie about a hurricane that spawns tornadoes filled with sharks that bring down people, helicopters, and houses. What can you possibly learn from this movie about writing, beyond the fact that people will watch anything scripted for the SyFy channel? At first glance at the amazing poster, it seems pretty clear that there is little about blogging and content marketing in the movie. **SPOILER ALERT** The sharks dont win. Sure, they get in a few good bites, but in the end, the hero prevails and its messy.  In the interest of learning something meaningful from all of lifes experiences, even the ridiculous ones, can writers find anything of value from Sharknado and its messy heroic win? #Sharknado is a treasure trove of great writing advice. #NoReallyMost certainly. After watching Sharknado, you will realize that, as a writer, you need to: 1. Think on your feet. A change in the blogging schedule meant I had 40 minutes to write and publish a post. Those werent ideal conditions, but  I did it.  I cranked out the blog post, and sent it on to my team to peer review. Hayden responded back, after reviewing the post. I literally thought as I read: heres what 10+ years of blogging and disciplined writing gets you, he said, and it was the first time I realized that constant long-term blogging gives you the skills to think on your feet when you have to. Long-term practice makes it possible for you to think on your feet. It will happen. Youll have about 30 minutes to write a blog post. Can you do it?  Youd better have a process, the confidence, and the ability to write out of nowhere. Which leads to the next point 2. Maintain situational awareness. In Sharknado, the sharks were coming from every direction–air, land, water, living room–and the hero had to be aware of his surroundings to stay alive. In those moments when you have to think on your feet, youll need situational awareness. To pull off that last-minute blog post, I referred to a list of running ideas I am constantly tracking. Im always making note of blog ideas because in those intense moments,  youd better have something in the bank. And to get those things, youll have to be aware of how just about anything could be a blog post and bank those ideas.

Information Technology Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information Technology Governance - Essay Example The establishment of Information Technology Governance as regulatory framework focusing on the information technology infrastructure used in organizations worldwide has not supported the organizational needs in terms of information technology – at least not at the level expected. The reasons for this failure are analyzed in this paper; reference is made to the main aspects of Information Technology Governance but also to its relationship with other key organizational frameworks – especially the Corporate Governance. In order to understand the problems related with the development of Information Technology Governance it would be necessary to refer primarily to the characteristics and the role of this framework as part of organizational environment. The main role of Information Corporate Governance is to establish the criteria – or else the standards – on which the management of Information Technology Systems has to be based. In accordance with Solms et al. (p.9) Information Technology Governance can be characterized as ‘the leadership and organizational structure and processes that ensure that the organisation’s IT sustains and extends the organisation’s strategies and objectives’. In its above form, Information Technology Governance is of critical importance for the survival and the development of organizations in the context of the international community. Emphasis should be paid on the legal rules regulating the above framework but also to the challeng es/ problems that this framework may have to face. One of the priorities of rules regulating the Information Technology Governance is to ensure quality – in all its aspects; in this way, it is expected that risks and problems in all these systems’ operational aspects can be limited. Commonly, quality is the issue on which the relevant rules focus. Because organizational needs

Political Science, Human Trafficking and the CAST Organization Essay

Political Science, Human Trafficking and the CAST Organization - Essay Example Below are stories of victims who were exploited through labour with little or no pay at all. A company in Jordan to work in the United States of America promised Kumar Ramjali from Nepal. However, instead of being taken to United States, he was forcefully taken to Iraq to work for the US army. His passport was seized and was not given permission to leave for over four years2. A 30- year old Bosnian lady named Jana was also a victim of job scam. She went to Slovenia for further studies. On reaching there, she got a female friend who organised for her an accounting job. On the interview day, a woman interviewed her then abruptly two men came into the interview room, which ended the interview. The men forcibly removed her out, she was beaten and raped several times by the men, after which she was taken to a secluded place raped repeatedly and drugged with drugs. Jana escaped from the traffickers after four months and now she is advocating against trafficking3. Most of the victims and experts agree that a lot must be done in providing protection and assistance to those affected by human trafficking. Perpetrators of this violation of human rights should be punished and prosecuted. Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST) is an organisation in United States of America that provides services to trafficking victims. They have a client- centred approach in its interconnected activities to empower victims of trafficking in realizing their potential. They provide comprehensive services to trafficking victims, through provision of basic human needs, medical health care and legal services. CAST opened its first shelter in United States in 20044. It conducts policies that are aimed at advancing and protecting human rights of trafficking victims. It achieves these through experience and research of its clients both inside and outside the justice system5. It also provides training programmes to NGOs and IGOs that may

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management accounting - Essay Example However, with the right tools information and skills, a company is guaranteed to stay afloat in a world where businesses keep dropping out of the corporate world. How companies manage their finances and workforce dictates whether the company is bound to open its doors come the next financial year. One of the major concerns in management is the management of accounts which is usually handled a company’s accountants in conjunction with the management of the company. Management accounting specifically deals with generating information pertaining to a given company and basically relates on how to minimize costs while improving sales and boosting profits within the available company’s resources. In short this is information that helps the management to make crucial decisions. Financial accounting on the other hand deals with generating information based on information relayed by external users and mainly deals with control of cash inflow and outflow in the company. So why is management accounting so important? Among the most important reasons why management accounting is important to company include; 1) Planning-this basically deals with making decisions pertaining to the company’s products where and when to make them, who to sell them to, how much labor it will use and so on and so forth (Caplan, 5). 2) Operational Control-management helps the top officials in identifying and minimizing production error from the time a product is initiated for production to the time it is released to the market for sale. 3) Performance and Evaluation-this involves evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of different products and different managers within the company. When dealing with management of accounts two concepts become clear: Variable (Direct) costs and fixed production overhead costs

Assessing The Four Functions Of Management Commerce Essay

Assessing The Four Functions Of Management Commerce Essay The base function is to: Plan It is the foundation area of management. It is the base upon which the all the areas of management should be built. Planning requires administration to assess; where the company is presently set, and where it would be in the upcoming. From there an appropriate course of action is determined and implemented to attain the companys goals and objectives Planning is unending course of action. There may be sudden strategies where companies have to face. Sometimes they are uncontrollable. You can say that they are external factors that constantly affect a company both optimistically and pessimistically. Depending on the conditions, a company may have to alter its course of action in accomplishing certain goals. This kind of preparation, arrangement is known as strategic planning. In strategic planning, management analyzes inside and outside factors that may affect the company and so objectives and goals. Here they should have a study of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. For management to do this efficiently, it has to be very practical and ample. The subsequent function is to: Organize The second function of the management is getting prepared, getting organized. Management must organize all its resources well before in hand to put into practice the course of action to decide that has been planned in the base function. Through this process, management will now determine the inside directorial configuration; establish and maintain relationships, and also assign required resources. While determining the inside directorial configuration, management ought to look at the different divisions or departments. They also see to the harmonization of staff, and try to find out the best way to handle the important tasks and expenditure of information within the company. Management determines the division of work according to its need. It also has to decide for suitable departments to hand over authority and responsibilities. The third function is to: Direct Directing is the third function of the management. Working under this function helps the management to control and supervise the actions of the staff. This helps them to assist the staff in achieving the companys goals and also accomplishing their personal or career goals which can be powered by motivation, communication, department dynamics, and department leadership. Employees those which are highly provoked generally surpass in their job performance and also play important role in achieving the companys goal. And here lies the reason why managers focus on motivating their employees. They come about with prize and incentive programs based on job performance and geared in the direction of the employees requirements. It is very important to maintain a productive working environment, building positive interpersonal relationships, and problem solving. And this can be done only with Effective communication. Understanding the communication process and working on area that need improvement, help managers to become more effective communicators. The finest technique of finding the areas that requires improvement is to ask themselves and others at regular intervals, how well they are doing. This leads to better relationship and helps the managers for better directing plans. The final function is to: Control Control, the last of four functions of management, includes establishing performance standards which are of course based on the companys objectives. It also involves evaluating and reporting of actual job performance. When these points are studied by the management then it is necessary to compare both the things. This study on comparision of both decides further corrective and preventive actions. In an effort of solving performance problems, management should higher standards. They should straightforwardly speak to the employee or department having problem. On the contrary, if there are inadequate resources or disallow other external factors standards from being attained, management had to lower their standards as per requirement. The controlling processes as in comparison with other three, is unending process or say continuous process. With this management can make out any probable problems. It helps them in taking necessary preventive measures against the consequences. Management can also recognize any further developing problems that need corrective actions. Effective and efficient management leads to success, the success where it attains the objectives and goals of the organizations. Of course for achieving the ultimate goal and aim management need to work creatively in problem solving in all the four functions. Management not only has to see the needs of accomplishing the goals but also has to look in to the process that their way is feasible for the company. Goal Management There is a strong relationship between a successful company and an effective goal setting process. By setting goals, specifically SMART goals, employers engage their workforce and encourage employees across the company to focus and successfully achieve these goals together. Strong goal alignment and goal visibility allows for quicker execution of company strategy by enabling management to allocate proper resources across various projects. Managers can focus their staff on the companys most important goals and reduce task redundancy throughout their team while employees will have a greater understanding of how their efforts will serve the business goals. Goal management also lets you establish a true pay-for-performance culture by communicating the company goals to employees, therefore providing the groundwork for linking reward systems with individual and / or team performance. Find out how you can put goal alignment to work at your organization in our complimentary whitepaper, Driving Success: The Incredible Power of Company-Wide Goal Alignment. In his piece Notes on the Theory of Organization, a memo prepared while he was a member of the Brownlow Committee, Luther Gulick asks rhetorically What is the work of the chief executive? What does he do? POSDCORB is the answer, designed to call attention to the various functional elements of the work of a chief executive because administration and management have lost all specific content. In Gulicks own words, the elements of POSDCORB are as follows: Planning, that is working out in broad outline the things that need to be done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise; Organizing, that is the establishment of the formal structure of authority through which work subdivisions are arranged, defined, and co-ordinated for the defined objective; Staffing, that is the whole personnel function of bringing in and training the staff and maintaining favorable conditions of work; Directing, that is the continuous task of making decisions and embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions and serving as the leader of the enterprise; Co-Ordinating, that is the all important duty of interrelating the various parts of the work; Reporting, that is keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as to what is going on, which thus includes keeping himself and his subordinates informed through records, research, and inspection; Budgeting, with all that goes with budgeting in the form of planning, accounting and control Gulick states that his statement of the work of a chief executive is adapted from the functional analysis elaborated by Henri Fayol in his Industrial and General Administration. Indeed, Fayols work includes fourteen principles and five elements of management that lay the foundations of Gulicks POSDCORB tasks of an executive. Fayols fourteen principles of management are as follows: Division of Work Authority and Responsibility Discipline Unity of Command Unity of Direction Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest Remuneration of Personnel Centralization Scalar Chain (line of authority with peer level communication) Order Equity Stability of Tenure of Personnel Initiative Esprit de Corps Fayols influence upon Gulick is readily apparent in the five elements of management discussed in his book, which are: Planning examining the future and drawing up plans of actions Organizing building up the structure (labor and material) of the undertaking Command maintaining activity among the personnel Co-ordination unifying and harmonizing activities and efforts Control seeing that everything occurs in conformity with policies and practices Fayol, H. (1949). General and Industrial Management. (C. Storrs, Trans.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman Sons, LTD. (Original work published 1918) Service industry is getting more attention in B-World. It has never been so easy to establish a company, I should say, listed company as it is now being in service industry rapidly. Production and operation enabled companies have seen so many business management fundamentals for quality control and best team management including quality circles. If I were to point, I would talk about Baldrige Award Framework that promotes quality awareness in organization. It is based on a weighted score of seven categories of performance criteria. Consultancy firms, IT or Hospitality services and so other services in this industry want more influential, organizer and innovator talents. Take an example of a small IT company of 10-50 talents serving best functional and operational solutions to giants. Do you want to categorize such company in levels? E.g. One HR, One Director, One Software Engineer, One Writer, One Quality Tester, One Functional Analyst, One Support Engineer, One System Administrator, One Hardware Engineer, One Designer etc. I agree to hire masters but I am against individual operations capability. I favor multiple skills specialist or in other words All Rounder. This article is to describe the team needed in todays service industry so called as Self Managing Teams. Emery suggested, In designing a social system to efficiently operate a modern capital-intensive plant the key problem is that of creating self-managing groups to man the interface with the technical system. The basis of the autonomous work group approach to job design is socio-technical system theory that suggest that the best results are obtained if grouping is such that workers are primarily related to each other by way of task performance and task interdependence. Charles Peguy described, A man is not determined by what he does and still less by what he says. But in the deepest part of himself a being is determined solely by what he is. Self-management team is made of such persons who are motivated by self. Defining Self Managing Team A self-managing team or autonomous work group is allocated an overall task and given discretion over how the work is done. It provides for intrinsic motivation by giving people autonomy and the means to control their work, which will include feedback information. Self-Directed (or Self-Managing) Teams are teams that have been structured to manage and coordinate their own activities and make many of the day-to-day decisions that would have traditionally been made by a supervisor or manager. They usually have responsibility for a complete piece of work (such as engine assembly) and they work quite closely and interdependently. A self-management team is a permanent group of employees who together are responsible for the total process where products or services are made and delivered to internal or external clients. According to one research, the TQM and mass production organized groups did not improve customer service quality or sales volume. While self-managed teams improved sales by 9.4% and quality of customer service by 6.3%. In fact, comprehensive surveys report that 79% of companies in the Fortune 1,000 currently deploy such empowered, self-directed or autonomous teams. Because of their widespread use, much research has been devoted to understanding how best to set up self-managing teams to maximize their effectiveness. Understanding Multi-skilled Team Better Self-managing team incorporates the concepts of Hackman Oldhams job characteristics model. Autonomy Skill variety Task significance Task identity Positive Feedback The team enlarges individual jobs to include a wider range of operative skills. It is multi-skilled team operations. It decides on methods of work and the planning, scheduling and controlling of work. It distributes tasks itself among its members. The team plans and guards the process on its own, solves daily problems, without always having to consult the manager or supporting services. It takes account of the social or group factors and the technology as well as the individual motivators. The team maintains independently contacts with others teams and staff. The team improves working methods on its own, and has all the relevant information available on the basis of which they evaluate their results. The team-members posses both qualifications on both the care they deliver as well as certain organizational qualities. Self-Management Team Development According to Vanessa Urch Druskat and Jane V. Wheeler Leading Self-Management teams in organization is the process that requires specific behaviors that can be grouped into four basic functions. __First moving back and forth between the team and the broader organization to build relationships, __Second scouting necessary information, __Third persuading the team and outside constituents to support one another, and __Forth empowering team members. Self-Managing Team Corporate Whole Foods is very committed to the team structure and self-managing work teams; theyre like the basic cells of the company. The teams are empowered. They do their own hiring. They do their own scheduling. To become a team member at Whole Foods, you have to get voted on by your team after a trial period. If you dont get a two-thirds vote, you dont get on the team, said John Mackey, founder of Whole Foods on Self -managing work team. Hewlett Packard trusts and respects for individuals, focusing on high level achievement and contribution, conducting business with integrity, achieving objectives through teamwork, and encouraging flexibility and innovation. Let it be either small or big, no doubts most of the companies are applying to have self-management teams in organization. Books on Self-Managing Team Dawn Burstall, T. Michael Vallis and Geoffrey K. Turnbull, I.B.S. Relief: A Doctor, a Dietitian, and a Psychologist Provide a Team Approach to Managing Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Ronald E. Purser and Steven Cabana, The Self-Managing Organization: How Leading Companies Are Transforming the Work of Teams for Real Impact. MANAGING PEOPLE IN ORGANIZATIONS: ASSESSING THE PROPOSITION THAT THE WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE MANAGED AFFECTS THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ORGANISATIONS WITHIN WHICH THEY FUNCTION This essay reviews theoretical concepts to assess the proposition that the ways in which people are managed affects the performance of the organisations within which they function. The implications of this proposition are that (a) effective management is associated with higher levels of organisational performance, while ineffective management practices are associated with inferior organisational performance. The theoretical framework within which this assessment is performed is Managing People in Organisations (MPIO). MPIO is an umbrella concept that encompasses both organizational behaviour (OR) and human resource management (HRM). The concepts of leadership and its effects on organisational performance also are included in MPIO (Beech, Cairns, Livingstone, Lockyer, and Tsoukas, 2002). MPIO includes a wide array of concepts and theories. To assess the proposition that the ways in which people are managed affects the performance of the organisations within which they function, however, this essay focused on two crucial aspects of MPIO in the contemporary period. These crucial aspects of MPIO are the responses by management to the globalised business environment and the effects of cultural diversity on managements communications with employees, each of which is crucial to the devel . . . perate on a global scale. The formal systems alone are not able to satisfy the enormous information needs necessary to coordinate such a complex configuration (Sussland, 2001). The roles and tasks of management also change noticeably in these contexts. When several different cultural backgrounds are present within a company at any one time, management cannot assume that all values are common. Often the shared understanding of the role of management becomes an instrument of integration that is more powerful than formal structures and systems. The manager, therefore, becomes a vehicle of integration. Internationalization and cosmopolitanism are the new characteristics required of this person. The task of the top manager is not that of submitting the activities of a national organization to a central control, but rather that of co-opting abilities and obtaining the involvement of the national organizations; paradoxically, attention shifts from control of the strategic content to managem ent of the organizational process. Evaluation and reward systems must favour the free exchange of information and commitment to global objectives over the above local interests to obtain a positive attitude to integration and thus favour a clim . . . The process starts with a strategic assessment (see The People Process, page 85). This is where HR develops staffing plans to support the organizations objectives and strategies. The process continues as hiring, training/development, and performance management activities are carried out. Finally, ongoing workforce relations and environment activities (e.g., recognition programs and employee surveys) take place. At the center of the people process are the executives and staff that comprise the HR function. IDENTIFYING RISKS The IIAs Auditing Your Human Resource Function seminar includes a risk assessment exercise where participants identify their top HR risks. A few of the most interesting and most frequently mentioned people process risks arise in the areas of objectives, employee skills, HR competency, processes, and outsourced activities. OBJECTIVES Unaligned objectives is a risk event imbedded in the first people process activityorganization design and staffing plans. When HR does not have the appropriate level of involvement in the strategic planning process and its objectives are not aligned with those of the organization, the result can be a ticking time bomb. This disconnect can prevent management from achieving its strategic objectives. It can also result in huge compliance issues (e.g., organization downsizing, staff reductions, and unintended employment law litigation). Some organizations have managed this risk via enterprise risk management activities. In others, where HR is a key player on the management team, this is a nonevent. EMPLOYEE SKILLS Human capital skill gaps is another risk is embedded in organization design and staffing plans. Risks arise, for example, when organizations have heavy concentrations of experienced employees in skill positions who will be retiring soon. A second skill gap risk is linked to changing operating environments and new strategies. These changes often require new skills that can take time to develop or acquire. Best practice HR functions manage these risks via employee database information and competency forecasting techniques. HR COMPETENCY HR staff are at the center of the people process. HR and internal audit groups have a lot in common. Both have professional associations and certifications and play key roles in their organizations governance process. It is also possible for both groups to have skill gaps. Some of these gaps can be remedied via training or other resourcesin other cases, a change of personnel is required. HR competency gaps are a real risk in many organizations. The internal audit issue is how to identify and communicate these gaps to management. To comply with The IIAs International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, auditors have internal quality assessment programs that can include client surveys and peer group benchmarking on staff profiles (e.g., size, experience, and certifications). HR should have a similar quality program. [GRAPHIC OMITTED] PROCESSES The people process, like all other processes, is subject to communication breakdowns, bottlenecks, faulty handoffs, and inefficiencies. What makes it somewhat unique is that inconsistent compliance (e.g., hiring or promotion policies) and too much (e.g., supervisor comments in unofficial employee files) or too little documentation (e.g., involuntary terminations) can result in litigation and reputation damage. Of course, the likelihood and magnitude of these risks depends on the organization. Best practice HR functions use technology (e.g., employee kiosks to update information, more reliance on automated controls), training, and monitoring to manage process risk. The risks are referenced to the four objectives in the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commissions Enterprise Risk ManagementIntegrated Framework (S = strategic, O = operations, R = reporting, and C = compliance). Some possible risk categories are also included to help identify various types of risk events. Sample impact and likelihood ratings are assigned to the events (4 = high and 1 = low). Also, the matrix has three priority ratings. One is calculated (impact times likelihood), the second is a real (i.e., subjective) rating of the inherent risk, and the third is a real residual risk rating. The generic ratings are only intended to demonstrate the matrix features. Individual controls are not included by design, as they are best identified and evaluated at the organization level.

George Orwell :: essays research papers

George Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on June 25, 1903 in Motihari in India, which was at that time part of the British Empire. His family was not very wealthy and like most middle-class English families of that time, their livelihood depended on the Empire. In 1907, his family returned to England. His parents managed to send him to a private school in Sussex and when he was thirteen, he won a scholarship to Wellington. Soon after that, he won another scholarship to the well-known public school, Eaton. After being forced to work very hard at preparatory school, Blair lost interest in any further intellectual exertion that was not related to his personal ambition. In his book Why I Write he says that from a very young age he had known that he must be a writer. But, he also realized that in order to become a writer, he had to read literature. However, in Eaton, English literature was not a major subject and he spent his five years reading works by the masters of English prose includ ing Jonathon Swift, Laurence Sterne and Jack London on his own. He failed to win a university scholarship after the final examinations at Eaton and, in 1922, he joined the Indian Imperial Police. This decision was not the usual path that most Eaton students would have taken. Blair preferred a life of travel and action and he served in the force in Burma (now known as Myanmar) for five years. He resigned from the police force for two main reasons: firstly, being a police officer was a diversion from his real ambition of being a writer; and secondly, he felt that as a policeman in Burma, he was supporting a political system in which he could no longer believe. Even at this time, his political ideas and his ideas about writing were closely related. In his book The Road To Wigan Pier he wrote that he wished to "escape from†¦ every form of man's dominion over man", and he felt that the social structure of British Imperialism was that "dominion" over the English working class. After he returned to London at the age of twenty-four, he began to teach himself how to write. He spent most of his time writing in very poor living conditions because he felt that the poor in London and Paris represented the people of Burma under British rule.

Red Bull versus Coca Cola Sport Sponsorship from a Sponsor’s Perspective Essay

Involved in this money is planning the sponsorship deal, carrying it out and last but not least evaluating the whole process and engagement (Hermanns 2003). So according to this the strategic planning process is crucial in order to communicate effectively and achieve the desired outcome. It has become more professional and the amount of money and time spent on this process has increased over the last years. Furthermore, Buhler and Nufer (2010) see mutual understanding, a long-term perspective and trust as important to satisfy the needs of both parties. Hence there are a lot of different perspectives that need to be considered during the strategic planning of a sponsorship deal and different types of strategies can be followed. The comparative case study of Coca-Cola and Red Bull’ sport sponsorship strategy relies on extensive secondary data, from newspaper coverage and official websites from Abstract In 2010, 18. 2 billion US-$ were spent on sponsoring in North America of which 68 per cent are spent on sport sponsoring, by far the leading form of sponsoring (Streng 2010). The area of Sport Sponsorship is immensely important in the sport business. In the major sport leagues sponsorship makes up at least a third of the overall turnover (Ludwig and Schneider 2010). However, the way in which sport sponsorship is dealt with has changed dramatically in recent years. The time where a sponsor just kindly signed a contract to support the local club is gone, especially when it comes to global operating organizations. On the one hand companies are willing to spend more on sport sponsorship. On the other hand they want to gain more in return. In 2010, 63. 7 per cent of the companies have a written strategic and operational planning before starting the sponsorship (Hermanns and Buschner 2010). The question that occurs is therefore how companies strategically plan their sponsorship activities. To respond to this question, this paper analyses the sponsorship strategy of two major sponsors from the beverage industry, Coca Cola and Red Bull. Coca Cola is the best known brand in the world and was one of the first sponsors in sport in the early 20th century. Red Bull is a new company which is highly involved in sport sponsorship. Their approaches however are different. While Coca-Cola is investing huge amounts to sponsors majors events with a global reach, such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup, Red Bull initially invested in lesser known extreme sports with a very specific target audience. Moreover, contrarily to Coca-Cola, Red Bull does not limit itself to buying sponsorship rights. In most cases, it also took over the control of the sponsee. Red Bull runs competitions in extreme sports, organizes events, and owns its own Formula 1 team and three football clubs (Salzburg, Leipzig and New-york). Red Bull’s strategy, now the fourth biggest sport sponsor in the world, is thus different to other global sponsors. In literature it is argued that implementing and using the gained rights costs the sponsor three times the money that they have spend on both the sponsors and their sponsees. To gain an additional insight, interviews with the sport sponsorship department of both organizations are planned to better apprehend their strategy and see what their plans are/were and what actually was achieves. These interviews will explore their target group(s), reason for this target segment, activities, general understanding of sponsorship, importance of sponsorship within the company etc. Preliminary results show that there are big differences in the sponsorship strategy of Red Bull and Coca Cola. While Coca Cola seems to be a partner of the sponsee, Red Bull is using a more aggressive style of sponsorship. Red Bull tends to take control of the whole situation in order to ensure the success and the direction of the event. The whole Red Bull company has implemented its sponsorship activities. An example is Red Bull TV, the company owned TV channel, which further broadcast the sponsees. Sponsorship is part of the company philosophy and irrigates its whole marketing strategy. The core product and the sponsorship area are closely linked. Though different, these two cases both demonstrate that strategic planning is getting more important in global companies. There are certain patterns which can be found as well as differences which are due to the different approaches and culture of the company. The implications for the future are more professionalism and concentrating on the own culture rather than trying to copy the strategy from another company. Strategies need to be unique and specifically created for the organisation.

The Effect Of Motivation, Values And Involvement Of The Buyers In The Market

In each and every market the buyers are unpredictable and therefore strategic marketing should be in a way that the marketers influence the decisions made by the buyers. Motivation, values and involvement of the buyers plays a very important role in influencing the decision of the buyers. For a business organization to be unique from other competitors in the industry it needs to form a strong relationship with the current buyers and the potential buyers.Considering the values of the buyers, involving them in the decision making process and motivating them accordingly are some of the ways that businesses can use to influence the behavior of the buyers. There is need to research on the motivation, value and involvement of the buyer because all of the successful sales are made not because of the excellence of the products being marketed but because the marketers either consciously or unconsciously have found a human reason to why their products should sell. The marketers need to underst and the role of motivation, values and involvement of the buyers so as to have a successful sale.Businesses that misunderstand the above role end up making wrong decisions concerning the behavior of the buyer and hence they incur significant losses. Research also needs to be carried out to show the differences in the levels of motivation and involvement between buyers who are purchasing for business reasons and those who are purchasing for personal reasons. Understanding the values, motivation and the involvement of the buyers also helps businesses retain their customers and hence have a stable market and a competitive advantage in the market.Due to the above factors which clearly show the importance of the motivation, values and involvement of the buyers there is need to carry out a research so as to provide more information to businesses on this topic. LITERATURE REVIEW In a business context the behavior of the consumers is referred to as the study of the reason why consumers purc hase specific items during a certain period in a certain place. In trying to understand the concept of consumer behavior a lot of research has looked at it from a social, psychology and economics view.A lot of research has been carried to evaluate the behavior of the consumers but most of the research is carried out on groups of the consumers and fails to investigate the behavior of a single consumer without the influence of the other consumers in the market. Most of the research that has been carried out studies the characteristics of consumers in groups so as to understand the needs and preferences of a certain group of consumers (Solomon et al: 121-135). This research study will study the consumers individually to understand personal needs and preferences of consumers.Studies have also been carried out to investigate the influence consumers get from their friends, families and the society as a whole. Consumer behavior also tries to study the consumer retention, the relationship o f the consumers and the business and also the values of the consumers. Businesses need to consider the motivation of the buyers in order to improve their sales. There are two types of motivations of the buyers: psychological motivation and physiological motivation (Hauftvet et al: 889).Consumer behavior studies are carried out to determine how the consumers use and dispose the product as well as to understand how the products are purchased. Marketers need to understand the use of the products they deal with because this affects how a product is positioned in the market and how the marketers can influence the consumption of the product. Due to the fact that environmental problems arise as a result of disposal of the products purchased by the consumers it is necessary to study the disposal of products as this affects the motivation of the buyers towards a certain product.The research will extend previous studies in that it will look at the effect of consumer behavior on the society fo r example aggressive marketing of foods rich in high foods has serious effects on the health of the population (Henry, 2004: 256-262). In the early 1900’s Dither carried out a qualitative market research and suggested that the motives of the consumers are initiated by concealed unconscious needs. However, most of the theories developed by Ditcher on consumer motivations have been disregarded in the modern marketing strategies (as cited in Ziems, 2004: 211).Ditcher identified five stages involved in the motivation process as underlying need, drive, desire, goal and behavior. Consumer involvement is the increased state of awareness that tends to motivate consumers to think about a product and seek information regarding the product before they buy it. High levels of involvement of the buyers have been seen to increase the attention of the buyers towards certain products and also the consumers place greater importance on the sources of the information relating to the products.Thi s research will also investigate whether there is more to motivating the consumers rather than unaware desires or wants of the consumers. Hein, 2006 noted that the only best way to hook a buyer into buying a certain product is touching the buyers emotionally (Hein, 2006: 42). HYPOTHESES The level of motivation of the buyers affects the competitive advantage of the business. The value of buyers on a certain product affects the sales of the product. High levels of involvement of the buyers increase the information the buyers have regarding the product.RESEARCH METHODS In selection of the research methods to be used in this research, time available for the research, the cost of the research and access to the information were the factors that will be put into consideration. For the successful completion of the study it will be necessary to collect data from various sources to enable the business produce items that the buyers want and not what the business thinks the buyers want. Both pr imary and secondary methods of research will be used in this study.Secondary research will involve making use of information that has been collected in previous studies. Primary data collection methods will also be used in this research. The methods used will include mail questionnaires, use of focus groups, phone surveys and direct observations. The research will focus more on the data collected through surveys because surveys produce more specific information regarding the buyers. The surveys will have open ended questions as well as close ended questions.Due to the fact that mail surveys are generally inexpensive they will be preferred in this research to cut down the cost of the research. MEASUREMENT APPROACH Collection of the data in this study will commence by informing the expected respondents of the need to carry out the research and how their responses will be treated during the research. The expected respondents will then be sent a copy of the questionnaire through mail. S o as to minimize the chances of unanswered questionnaires the researcher will take a sample of the respondents from a group of the consumers.The sample will consist of people of all races, ethnic group and age. Follow ups will then be done through the phone to ensure that the respondents have received the questionnaires and they are willing to respond to the questionnaires. Observations will then be made to understand the level of involvement of the respondents and how this affects the market of the product. After the questionnaires have been completed by the respondents the researcher will then collect all the questionnaires and analyze the data acquired.Analysis of the data will be carried out by use of SPSS and then graphs and charts will be derived from the data to present the data in a more clear way. The researcher will then collect secondary information from previous studies that have been carried out. The secondary information combined with the primary information will then be used to show how the values, motivation and the involvement of the buyers affect the market of the product. Statistical analysis will also be carried out on the data collected to test for validity and reliability of the data.DISCUSSION For the successful completion of this research contributions will be drawn from earlier researchers in the area. The marketers will also be expected to participate in the research in that they will give experiences on how the values, motivation and involvement of the consumers have affected the marketing of their products. One of the major difficulties expected during the research is unwilling respondents. This will result to unanswered questionnaires hence gaps in the expected data.An error may occur in the observation method of collecting information, this happens when the researcher observes the wrong behaviors of the sampled population. There will be need for further research in this area to clearly identify the measures that business organizat ions should take to ensure that the buyers are more involved in the business activities. WORD COUNT: 1, 480 WORK CITED Haugtvedt P. Curtis, Paul Herr and Frank R. Kardes, (2008), Handbook of consumer psychology, Illustrated Edition, New York, CRC Press Hein, K. (2006, October 2). Inside the Mind of the Marketer.Brandweek, 47(36), 16-21. Retrieved July 22, 2009, from the Academic Search Complete database Henry Assael, (2004), consumer behavior: a strategic approach, illustrated Edition, Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin Publishers Solomon R Michael, Gary J. Bamossy, Soren Askegaard, (2001), Consumer behavior: A European perspective, Second Edition, New York, Prentice Hall Publishers. Ziems, D. (2004, June). The Morphological Approach for Unconscious Consumer Motivation Research. Journal of Advertising Research, 44(2), 210-215. Retrieved July 22, 2009 from EJC database